military trial definition

Military Trial Definition - The Nuremberg Trials, held to bring Nazi war criminals to justice, were a series of 13 trials held in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. industrialists, lawyers and doctors, have been accused of crimes such as peace crimes and felonies against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) committed suicide and was never brought to justice. Although the legal basis of the trials and their establishment of procedures were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone in the establishment of a permanent international court and an important precedent for the handling of recent cases of genocide and other cases against it . humanity.

Shortly after Adolf Hitler came to power as Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he and his Nazi government began implementing policies designed to persecute German Jews and other perceived enemies of the Nazi regime. Over the next decade, these policies became more repressive and violent, resulting at the end of World War II (1939–45) in the organized, state-sponsored murder of some 6 million (and an estimated 4 million) European Jews. 6 million non-Jews).

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The executions, carried out in October 1946, were carried out by the Reverend Sergeant John C. Woods (1903-50), who told a reporter from.

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That he was proud of his work. "The way I look at this hanging job, somebody has to do it ... 10 men in 103 minutes. It's a quick job."

In December 1942, United Nations leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union issued "the first joint statement officially marking the mass murder of European Jews and deciding to prosecute those responsible for the violence against the people," according to the United States. Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Joseph Stalin (1878-1953), the Soviet leader, initially proposed the execution of 50,000 to 100,000 German officials. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874-1965) discussed the possibility of summary executions (extrajudicial executions) of high-ranking Nazis, but was influenced by U.S. managers that a criminal case would be more effective. Among other benefits, criminal trials would require documentation of the charges against the defendant and prevent later accusations that the defendant was convicted without evidence.

There were many legal and procedural problems to be overcome in the establishment of the Nuremberg Trials. First, there was no precedent for an international trial of war criminals. There were earlier prosecutions for war crimes, such as the execution of Confederate General Henry Wirz (1823–65) for mistreatment of Union prisoners of war during the American Civil War (1861–65); and military tribunals held by Turkey in 1919-20 to punish those responsible for the Armenian Genocide of 1915-16. However, these were trials conducted under the laws of one nation rather than, as in the case of the Nuremberg Trials, a group of four powers (France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States) with different legal traditions and practices.

The Allies finally established the rules and procedures for the Nuremberg Trials with the London Charter for the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which was issued on 8 August 1945. Among other things, this charter defined three categories of crimes: crimes against peace (including planning, preparation, initiation or waging cruel wars or wars that violate international agreements), war crimes (including violations of the customs or laws of war, including ill-treatment of civilians and prisoners of war) and crimes against humanity (including murder, enslavement or exile of civilians or persecution for political, religious or ethnicity). It was decided that civilian and military officials could not be prosecuted for war crimes.

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The city of Nuremberg (also known as Nurnberg) in the German state of Bavaria was chosen as the site of the trial because its Palace of Justice was not damaged in the war and included a large prison. In addition, Nuremberg was the site of annual Nazi propaganda meetings; the post-war regime that marked the symbolic end of Hitler's government, the Third Reich.

The most famous trial at Nuremberg was the Great War Criminal Trials, which were held from 20 November 1945 to 1 October 1946. The trial was a mix of legal traditions: there were prosecutors and defense lawyers, according to the British. and American law, but decisions and sentences were made by a court (panel of judges) rather than a single judge and jury. America's greatest prosecutor was Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Each of the four joint jurisdictions provided two judges - a chief judge and an alternate.

24 people were indicted along with six Nazi organizations designated as criminals (such as the "Gestapo" or secret police). One of the suspects was deemed unfit to stand trial and the other committed suicide before the trial began. Hitler and two of his closest friends, Heinrich Himmler (1900-45) and Joseph Goebbels (1897-45), each committed suicide in the spring of 1945 before they could be brought to trial. Defendants were allowed to choose their own lawyers, and the most common defense strategy was that the crimes described in the London Charter were examples of ex post facto legislation; that is, it was the laws that criminalized the acts before the laws were written. Another defense was that the trial was a form of victor's justice - the Allies applied a harsh standard to crimes committed by the Germans and tolerated the crimes committed by their soldiers.

Since the accused men and judges spoke four different languages, the trial introduced a new technology that is taken for granted today: instant translation. IBM provided the technology and hired men and women from the international telecommunications industry to provide on-site interpretation via headphones in English, French, German and Russian.

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In the end, an international tribunal found all but three guilty. 12 were sentenced to death, one in absentia, and the others were sentenced to ten years to life imprisonment. Ten of the convicts were executed by hanging on October 16, 1946. Hermann Göring (1893-1946), a staunch supporter of Hitler and leader of the "Luftwaffe" (German military), committed suicide the night before his execution with a cyanide capsule he was carrying. it was hidden in a jar of leather medicine.

After the major war crimes trials, there were a further 12 trials at Nuremberg. These cases, which lasted from December 1946 to April 1949, are brought together as the subsequent Nuremberg Decisions. They differed from the original trial in that they were tried before US military tribunals instead of the international tribunal that decided the fate of senior Nazi leaders. The reason for this change was that the increasing tension between the four allied powers made further joint exercises impossible. Subsequent trials were held at the same location in Nuremberg's Palace of Justice.

These trials included the Doctors Trial (December 9, 1946–August 20, 1947), in which 23 defendants were charged with crimes against humanity, including medical experiments on prisoners of war. At the Court (March 5-December 4, 1947), 16 lawyers and judges were charged with promoting the Nazi program of racial purity by using the eugenics laws of the Third Reich. Other trials that followed involved German industrialists accused of using slave labor and looting occupied countries; senior army officers accused of cruelty to prisoners of war; and SS officers accused of violence against concentration camp prisoners. Of the 185 people charged in the subsequent Nuremberg trials, 12 defendants received death sentences, 8 others received life sentences, and 77 others received varying terms, according to the USHMM. Authorities later reduced the number of convictions.

The Nuremberg trials were controversial even among those who wanted serious criminals to be punished. Harlan Stone (1872-1946), Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court. at the time he described the case as a "flawless fraud" and a "criminal gang of the highest order". William O. Douglas (1898-1980), then an associate justice of the US Supreme Court, said that the UN "substituted force for principle" at Nuremberg.

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Nevertheless, many observers saw the trials as a step forward in the establishment of international law. The Nuremberg results led directly to the United Nations Convention on Genocide (1948) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the Geneva Conventions on the Laws and Practice of War (1949). In addition, the International Military Tribunal provided a useful precedent for the trial of Japanese war criminals in Tokyo (1946-48); the 1961 trial of Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann (1906-62); and the establishment of war crimes tribunals in the former Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994).

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Held directly after World War II, the Nuremberg Trials were a series of 13 military tribunals where nearly 200 German government, military, medical and business leaders were tried for war crimes. The first and most famous of these trials - The Trial of the Great War

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